''Radix'' is a
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...
of air-breathing
freshwater snails,
aquatic pulmonate gastropods in the
family
Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...
Lymnaeidae
Lymnaeidae, common name the pond snails, is a taxonomic family of small to large air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks, that belong to the clade Hygrophila.
Lymnaeidae is the only family within the superf ...
, the pond snails.
[Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2013). ''Radix'' Montfort, 1810. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=248262 on 2013-06-06]
The genus ''Radix'' has a
Palaearctic
The Palearctic or Palaearctic is the largest of the eight biogeographic realms of the Earth. It stretches across all of Eurasia north of the foothills of the Himalayas, and North Africa.
The realm consists of several bioregions: the Euro-Sibe ...
distribution.
Phylogeny
Correa et al. (2010) confirmed that the placement of these species within the genus ''Radix'' reflected their phylogenetic relationship.
A
cladogram
A cladogram (from Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to ...
showing phylogenic relations of species in the genus ''Radix'':
The
haploid number of chromosomes of all species in the genus ''Radix'' is 17 (n=17).
Species
The taxonomic status of certain species in the genus ''Radix'' has been disputed. Remigio (2002) reported sequence divergence within the 16S mitochondrial gene of ''
Radix peregra'' and ''
Radix ovata''. Furthermore, the shell morphology and alloenzyme data indicated that ''Radix peregra'' and ''Radix ovata'' are distinct.
In contrast, Bargues et al. (2001) considered, on the basis of
ITS-2 sequence analysis, that ''R. peregra'', ''R. ovata'', and ''R. balthica'' are in fact
conspecific
Biological specificity is the tendency of a characteristic such as a behavior or a biochemical variation to occur in a particular species.
Biochemist Linus Pauling stated that "Biological specificity is the set of characteristics of living organis ...
.
* † ''Radix (Lytostoma) grammica''
(Brusina, 1872)
* ''
Radix acuminata''
(Lamarck, 1822)
* † ''
Radix alta''
Macaleț, 2000
* † ''
Radix alutae''
(Jekelius, 1932)
* † ''
Radix amaradica''
Macaleț, 2000
* ''
Radix ampla''
(Hartmann, 1821)
* ''
Radix andersoniana''
(Nevill, 1881)
* ''
Radix auricularia''
(Linnaeus, 1758) -
type species
In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specime ...
** ''Radix auricularia japonica''
Jay, 1857 -
at Japanese Wikipedia
* ''
Radix bactriana''
(Annandale & Prashad, 1919)
* † ''
Radix balatonica''
(Fuchs, 1870)
* ''
Radix balthica''
(Linnaeus, 1758)
* † ''
Radix berbestiensis''
Macaleț, 2000
* † ''
Radix bogdanensis''
Macaleț, 2000
* ''
Radix brevicauda''
(G. B. Sowerby II, 1872)
* † ''
Radix calavardensis''
(Bukowski, 1896)
* † ''
Radix croatica''
(Gorjanović-Kramberger, 1890)
* † ''
Radix cucuronensis''
(Fontannes, 1878)
* † ''
Radix dilatata''
(Noulet, 1854)
* † ''
Radix dilleri''
(Neumayr, 1883)
* † ''
Radix enzenbachensis''
Neubauer & Harzhauser in Harzhauser et al., 2014
* † ''
Radix extensa''
(Gorjanović-Kramberger, 1890)
* ''
Radix gebleri''
(Middendorff, 1851)
* ''
Radix gedrosiana''
(Annandale & Prashad, 1919)
* ''
Radix hordeum''
(Mousson, 1874)
* ''
Radix hubrechti''
Qian, Yang & He, 2012
* † ''
Radix impressa''
(Sinzov, 1875)
* ''
Radix iranica''
(Annandale & Prashad, 1919)
* † ''
Radix jaksici'' (Brusina, 1902)
* ''
Radix jordii''
Altaba, 2007
* ''
Radix kamtschatica''
(Middendorff, 1851)
* † ''
Radix kobelti'' (Brusina, 1884)
* † ''
Radix korlevici'' (Brusina, 1884)
* † ''
Radix kurelaci''
(Brusina, 1902)
* ''
Radix labiata''
(Rossmässler, 1835)
* † ''
Radix laevigata''
(Eichwald, 1853)
* ''
Radix lagotis''
(Schrank, 1803)
* † ''
Radix lazarevici''
(Brusina, 1902)
* ''
Radix lilli''
Glöer & Beckmann, 2007[Glöer P. & Beckmann K.-H. (2007). "''Radix lilli'' n. sp. und drei neue ''Bithynia''-Arten von den Balearen (Gastropoda: Bithyniidae, Lymnaeidae). pp. 163-170. In: Beckmann K.-H.: ''Die Land- und Süßwassermollusken der Balearischen Inseln''. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 255 pp., .]
* ''
Radix linae''
Altaba, 2007
* ''
Radix luteola''
(Lamarck, 1822)
* † ''
Radix lytostomopsis''
(Brusina, 1902)
* † ''
Radix macaleti''
Neubauer, Harzhauser, Kroh, Georgopoulou & Mandic, 2014
* † ''
Radix marinescui''
Macaleț, 2000
* † ''
Radix minutissima''
(Greppin, 1855)
* ''
Radix namucuoensis''
Qian, Yang & He, 2012
* ''
Radix natalensis
''Radix natalensis'' is a species of freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusc in the family Lymnaeidae.
This species occurs widely in Africa. It is a major intermediate host for '' Fasciola gigantica'' in Africa. Placement of this s ...
''
(Krauss, 1848)
* † ''
Radix navarroi''
(Royo Gómez, 1922)
* † ''
Radix novorossica''
(Sinzov, 1877)
* † ''
Radix obtusissima'' (Deshayes, 1838)
* ''
Radix ovata''
(Draparnaud, 1805) = ''
Radix balthica'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* † ''
Radix papaianopoli''
Macaleț, 2000
* † ''
Radix paucispira''
(Fuchs, 1870)
* ''
Radix peregra''
(O. F. Müller, 1774) = ''
Radix labiata'' (Rossmässler, 1835)
* † ''
Radix pergamenica''
(Oppenheim, 1919)
* ''
Radix persica''
(Issel, 1865)
* † ''
Radix phrygoovata''
(Oppenheim, 1919)
* ''
Radix pinteri''
Schütt, 1974
* † ''
Radix plicata''
(Sacco, 1884)
* † ''
Radix podarensis''
Macaleț, 2000
* † ''
Radix pseudoovata'' (d'Orbigny, 1852)
* ''
Radix relicta''
Polinski, 1929
* † ''
Radix rippensis''
(Almera & Bofill y Poch, 1895)
* ''
Radix rubiginosa''
(Michelin, 1831)
* † ''
Radix simplex''
(Gorjanović-Kramberger, 1899)
* † ''
Radix socialis''
(von Zieten, 1832)
* † ''
Radix subauricularia''
(d'Orbigny, 1852)
* † ''
Radix subinflata''
(d'Orbigny, 1852)
* † ''
Radix sublimosa''
(Sinzov, 1875)
* † ''
Radix subovata''
(von Zieten, 1832)
* † ''
Radix zelli''
(Hörnes, 1856)
Or instead perhaps:
* ''R. peregra'' = ''R. ovata'' = ''R. balthica''
;Taxa inquirenda:
* ''Radix middendorffi''
(W. Dybowski, 1903)
;Species brought into synonymy:
* ''Radix (Radix) dupuyana''
(Noulet, 1854): synonym of † ''
Galba dupuyiana''
(Noulet, 1854)
* † ''Radix (Radix) hyaloleuca''
(Brusina, 1902): synonym of † ''
Radix korlevici''
(Brusina, 1884)
* † ''Radix (Radix) limosa''
(Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of ''
Radix balthica''
(Linnaeus, 1758)
* † ''Radix (Radix) peregra''
(Müller, 1774): synonym of ''
Radix labiata''
(Rossmässler, 1835)
* ''Radix auriculatus''
Montfort, 1810: synonym of ''
Radix auricularia''
(Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Radix altus''
Macaleț, 2000: synonym of † ''
Radix alta''
Macaleț, 2000
* † ''Radix amaradicus''
Macaleț, 2000: synonym of † ''
Radix amaradica''
Macaleț, 2000
* ''Radix deydieri''
(Fontannes, 1878): synonym of † ''
Radix cucuronensis''
(Fontannes, 1878)
* † ''Radix hyaloleuca''
(Brusina, 1902): synonym of † ''
Radix korlevici''
(Brusina, 1884)
* † ''Radix kuzmici''
(Brusina, 1897): synonym of † ''
Boskovicia kuzmici''
Brusina, 1897
* ''Radix ovata'' ''(Draparnaud, 1805)'': synonym of ''
Radix balthica''
(Linnaeus, 1758)
* † ''Radix peregra''
(O. F. Müller, 1774): synonym of ''
Radix labiata''
(Rossmässler, 1835)
* † ''Radix socialis''
Macaleț, 2000: synonym of † ''
Radix macaleti''
Neubauer, Harzhauser, Kroh, Georgopoulou & Mandic, 2014
Parasites
Species within the genus ''Radix'' are utilized as intermediate hosts by several different
trematode
Trematoda is a class of flatworms known as flukes. They are obligate internal parasites with a complex life cycle requiring at least two hosts. The intermediate host, in which asexual reproduction occurs, is usually a snail. The definitive h ...
species:
*''
Trichobilharzia'' spp.
*''
Fasciola hepatica
''Fasciola hepatica'', also known as the common liver fluke or sheep liver fluke, is a parasitic trematode (fluke or flatworm, a type of helminth) of the class Trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes. It infects the livers of various mammals, includi ...
''
*''
Fasciola gigantica''
*''
Fascioloides magna''
*''
Plagiorchis neomidis''
*''
Haplometra cylindracea''
*''
Echinostoma'' spp.
References
* Vinarski V.M. (2013) ''One, two, or several? How many lymnaeid genera are there?'' Ruthenica 23(1): 41-58.
{{taxonbar, from=Q287565
Lymnaeidae
Palearctic molluscs
Gastropod genera